OCTs regulate the transfer of many essential organic cations across biological membranes and therefore have an essential role in many metabolic processes.
The OCTs are known as being polyspecific transporters because they recognize and transport a broad range of substances such as the organic amines choline and carnitine, the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin, and the vitamin thiamine. They can act as influx, efflux or bi-directional systems.
OCT Isoforms
OCTs include OCT1, OCT2, OCT3, OCT6, OCTN1, OCTN2, MATE1, MATE2.
OCT1
OCT1 is primarily expressed on the basolateral membrane of enterocytes (intestines) and hepatocytes (liver).
Transports thiamine, choline, acylcarnitine, the toxic substances aflatoxin, ethidium, monocrotaline and paraquat, and toxic metals such as cadmium.
Thiamine uptake by OCT1 may be relevant if there are high levels of thiamine in the food.
OCT1 deficiency/downregulation includes -
- a change in energy production from glucose to fatty acid oxidation due to inadequate thiamine availability;
- increased gluconeogenesis and hepatic glucose output, and consequent increases in liver glycogen and glucose levels;
- increased peripheral adiposity due to altered energy metabolism;
- altered cholesterol homeostasis.
Early evidence indicates sustained OCT1 deficiency/downregulation may be associated with diagnoses such as obesity and diabetes.
OCT2
OCT2 is expressed on the basolateral membrane of proximal tubular cells (kidneys), several regions of the brain, hepatocytes, small intestine, placenta, and the ciliated epithelial cells of the lung and trachea.
Transports thiamine, choline and creatinine.
OCT2 is involved in the uptake and secretion of many organic cations predominantly via the kidneys.
There are currently 10 known polymorphisms (variants).
OCT3
OCT3 is expressed in the luminal membrane of enterocytes, the sinusoidal hepatocyte membrane, the basolateral side of proximal tubule cells, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue (mature adipocytes only).
Transports thiamine – which may be relevant if the food contains high levels of thiamine.
Oct3 is the predominant transporter for catecholamines, particularly norepinephrine, in White Adipose Tissue (WAT). By regulating catecholamines levels in adipocytes OCT3 has an essential role in the browning of WAT during adaptive thermogenesis.
Oct3 deficiency/downregulation results in increased core body temperature, oxygen consumption, and whole-body energy expenditure as well as hepatic fibrosis progression.
OCT6
OCT6 is specifically expressed in the testis and endometria.
Transports carnitine.
There is an inverse correlation between OCT6 and SIRT1. OCT6 ameliorates neural tube defects whereas environmental stresses such as oxidative stresses, starvation, and DNA damage inducers directly activate SIRT1.
OCTN1
OCTN1 is expressed in the apical brush border membrane of the small intestine, the renal proximal tubules, liver, lungs, trachea, bone marrow, skeletal muscle, prostate, pancreas, placenta, heart, uterus, spleen, spinal cord and bronchial epithelial cells.
Transports carnitine and ergothioneine.
OCTN2
OCTN2 is expressed in the apical brush border membrane of enterocytes, on the sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes, on the apical membrane of the proximal tubular cells, in heart, placenta, skeletal muscle, pancreas, brain, lungs and bronchial epithelial cells.
Transports carnitine and choline.
OCTN2 is important in carnitine absorption and reabsorption.
Insulin has been associated with an increase in carnitine uptake, and expression of OCTN2 in skeletal muscle.
MATE1/2
Are renal efflux transporters ie transfer organic cations from kidney to urinary system.
Transport thiamine and creatinine.
Hyperuricaemia downregulates MATE1.
Application
The essentiality of the OCTs in a range of metabolic processes emphasizes the importance of being aware of prescribed medications and their substrates and/or inhibitors and their potential to cause nutritional harm.
As we are still developing familiarity with the transporters, the nutrients they transport, the organs impacted, and the role of prescribed medicines, I have created this form that you can copy and modify to your requirements.
Clinical Questions
What actions will you initiate when you see someone whose prescribed medications include OCT substrates and/or inhibitors, will you –
- request clarification of thiamine, choline and carnitine status?
- question whether low nutrient levels are due to inadequate dietary intake or to iatrogenic transporter inhibition via their prescribed medications?
- recommend nutrient interventions to be administered at a different time from the prescribed medicines?
Conclusions
Downregulation of the organic cation transporters can profoundly alter health outcomes ranging from neural tube defects to beiging white fat. We are slowly becoming familiar with transporters and their impacts on nutrition.
Case study
The comments refer to the drug-nutrient, drug-food, and PharmacoNutrition effects only.
Data summary
Medical History with Nutritional Aspect
Biochemistry with Nutritional Aspect
No recent relevant results available.
Medications That May Adversely Affect Nutritional Status
Transporter-mediated interactions and nutrients
Biochemistry
No recent relevant biochemistry available. Advisable to check plasma proteins (albumin, total proteins) as they are the primary transporters for one of the prescribed drugs and hypoproteinaemia may alter its effects.
Glycaemia
Currently prescribed 0 medication that alters glycaemia.
Pharmaconutrition
Currently prescribed vitamin D intervention. Advisable to check vitamin D levels and if still low then review current vitamin D management strategy.
Nexium decreases B12, vitamin C, magnesium, zinc and iron absorption, may decrease calcium absorption; and decreases thiamine availability.
Dietary levels of caffeine intake in conjunction with paracetamol inhibit antinocieception.
Concurrent ingestion of paracetamol and iron resulted increased rate of iron absorption and decreased extent of drug absorption. The authors advise drug and iron to be administered at different times from each other.
The evidence is increasing that proton pump inhibitors such as Nexium significantly impair magnesium absorption. Magnesium deficiency manifests as confusion, disorientation, personality changes, loss of appetite, depression, muscle cramps, tingling, numbness, hypertension, cardiac dysrhythmia, seizures. Magnesium is an intracellular ion therefore serum levels are unlikely to detect early depletion of status. Cellular magnesium status is unknown whilst magnesium levels within acceptable range however if magnesium levels are low then typically indicates significant cellular depletion and intervention recommended. Advisable to clarify magnesium status.
Bowel management
Regular aperient prescribed.
Oral PRN aperient prescribed; administered 1 x Sep.
No Nurse Initiated interventions administered.
Staff comments
Staff advise variable mostly poor appetite and that Mrs AGU recently had a UTI during which time her appetite was very poor.
Observations
Mrs AGU is a pale, big-framed lady who was having afternoon tea with her husband when I went to speak to her - she refused to speak to me.
Mrs AGU has been steadily losing weight for the last 3 months ie very sudden weight loss.
Pharmaconutrition assessment
Since Mrs AGU is pale, advisable to check iron levels and if low then short term (90-120 days) intervention recommended. Some evidence indicates oral iron interventions are not effective whilst a proton pump inhibitor is prescribed, and that non-oral interventions are more effective.
Current diagnoses include B12 deficiency which was managed with Neo-B12 until 5 months ago. Currently prescribed Nexium therefore advisable to clarify B12 status and if still low then recommencement of intervention advisable.
UTIs
Nutritional factors that may be useful to include in UTI management include -
- vitamin C – currently prescribed Nexium therefore advisable to consider a vitamin C intervention;
- vitamin D – recurrent UTIs associated with vitamin D deficiency however intervention prescribed therefore advisable to clarify its status;
- zinc – recurrent UTIs deplete immune system and consequently zinc status. Also prescribed Nexium therefore advisable to check zinc status and if low then short term (90-120 days) intervention recommended. However, since Nexium prescribed then it is unlikely the zinc intervention will be effective unless non-oral.
Chronic pain
Mrs AGU’s diagnoses include arthritis which is associated with chronic pain. Nutritional factors that may be useful to consider in pain management include -
- vitamin D - current intervention may not be adequate to attain adequate range. Evidence indicates increasingly brittle pain control with decreasing vitamin D levels. Advisable to clarify vitamin D levels and if still low then review current vitamin D management strategy.
- vitamin C - pain increases the reactive substances (formerly Reactive Oxygen Species) within cells. It is important in quenching reactive substances and if there is insufficient vitamin C then cell status becomes compromised and the cells typically die which also causes pain. Vitamin C is not considered part of the pain management armament however it won't cause harm and evidence suggests it may confer benefit. Currently prescribed Nexium which decreases conversion of vitamin C to its active form.
- low B12 exacerbates elevated TNF- α which is an inflammatory response marker; elevation of the inflammatory response can include a pain response. Currently prescribed Nexium therefore advisable to clarify B12 status and if low then intervention recommended.
- magnesium – proposed mechanism is that magnesium blocks the NMDA receptor channels in the spinal cord and thus limits the influx of calcium ie reduces the risk of excitotoxicity and consequent exacerbation of pain. Currently prescribed Nexium which decreases magnesium absorption.
Falls
Nutritional factors that may be contributing to falls include -
- potassium – currently prescribed Nexium therefore advisable to check status,
- calcium - more likely to be low if potassium or magnesium low,
- vitamin D – intervention prescribed therefore advisable to clarify status and if low advisable to review current intervention,
- B12 - is important in the righting reflex when a person stumbles; currently prescribed Nexium therefore advisable to clarify its status,
- Hb - advisable to clarify status and if low then advisable to check iron status. If iron studies are low then intervention recommended – preferably non-oral,
- zinc - more likely to be low if loss of weight or prescribed a proton pump inhibitor. Mrs AGU has both lost weight and is prescribed Nexium therefore advisable to clarify status. If low zinc status then intervention recommended, and preferably non-oral,
- magnesium - magnesium is important in muscle function, especially cardiac muscle, amongst other functions. Also currently prescribed Nexium which significantly decreases magnesium absorption. Magnesium is an intracellular ion therefore serum levels are unlikely to detect early depletion of status. Advisable to clarify magnesium status and if low then intervention recommended – preferably non-oral.
What else would you include?
Please read this as it is important …
The information in this article is provided to support Health Professionals. It is not an exhaustive protocol and Health Professionals are advised that adequate professional supervision is accessed to ensure that Duty of Care obligations with respect to safe administration of medicines is met for each consumer.
Yvonne Coleman is an accomplished dietitian with 30+ years of experience in aged care. Her mission is to make information concerning the interactions between medication and nutrition public and easy to access, having created the most comprehensive resource on the matter.
Her areas of competency include food science & nutrition, dietetics and health education. You can find out more about her work on LinkedIn, AusMed, the Enlightened Pharmacist podcast, and The FX Medicine Podcast.